Greek and Roman Philosophy
Brief Biography:
> Lived: from 540 BC ~ 450 BC
> Born in Elea, a Greek city on the southern coast of Italy.
> Said to have written the laws for the city of Elea.
> Only one surviving written work--a poem, On Nature.
On Nature :
> On Nature is divided into three sections, a brief introduction, and then the two principle texts, The Way of Truth and The Way of Appearances/Opinion .
> The Introduction describes how Parmenides is taken up to "halls of Night" where the goddess of Night reveals to him The Way of Truth.
» The goddess of Night is a counselor of Zeus. She instructs Zeus as to how he is to preserve the unity of all things as he absorbs all things into himself and sets about to create a new cosmology.
» It is the unity of all things that particularly interests Parmenides so it would be appropriate for the goddess of Night to reveal these mysteries to him.
» The goddess begins by introducing to Parmenides the content of her revelation to him:
Come now, I shall tell—and convey home the tale once you have heard—/just which ways of inquiry alone there are for thinking:/ the one, that is and that is not not to be,/ is the path of conviction, for it attends upon true reality,/ [5] but the other, that is not and that must not be,/ this, I tell you, is a path wholly without report:/ for neither could you apprehend what is not, for it is not to be accomplished,/ nor could you indicate it. (Fr. 2) |
»
It is necessary to say and to think that What Is is; for it is to be, but nothing it is not. These things I bid you ponder. For I shall begin for you from this first way of inquiry,/ then yet again from that along which mortals who know nothing wander two-headed: for haplessness in their/ breasts directs wandering thought. They are borne along/ deaf and blind at once, bedazzled, undiscriminating hordes,who have supposed that it is and is not the same and not the same; but the path of all these turns back on itself. |
» She then begins her exposition on the Way of Truth.
The Way of Truth
> The goddess begins her account with, “As yet a single tale of a way remains, that it is; and along this path markers are there very many, that What Is is ungenerated and deathless, whole and uniform, and still and perfect …”
» She continues describing the What is as eternal from the beginning and continuing for all time.
… but not ever was it, nor yet will it be, since it is now together entire,/ single, continuous; for what birth will you seek of it?/ How, whence increased? From not being I shall not allow/ you to say or to think: for not to be said and not to be thought/ is it that it is not. And indeed what need could have aroused it/ [10] later rather than before, beginning from nothing, to grow?/ Thus it must either be altogether or not at all./ Nor ever from not being will the force of conviction allow/ something to come to be beyond it: on account of this neither to be born/ nor to die has Justice allowed it, having loosed its bonds,/ [15] but she holds it fast. And the decision about these matter lies in this:/ it is or it is not; but it has in fact been decided, just as is necessary,/ to leave the one unthought and nameless (for no true/ way is it), and <it has been decided> that the one that it is indeed is genuine./ And how could What Is be hereafter? And how might it have been?/ [20] For if it was, it is not, nor if ever it is going to be:/ thus generation is extinguished and destruction unheard of. |
» The goddess reveals that What is is complete unity and not multiplicity:
“whole and uniform. Nor is it divided, since it is all alike;/ and it is not any more there, which would keep it from holding together,/ nor any worser, but it is all replete with What Is./ [25] Therefore it is all continuous: for What Is approaches What Is.” |
» Then the goddess explains that What is is "still," and "motionless" and complete in itself and therefore has no need of multiplicity or change:
And unmoved within the limits of great bonds/ it is unbeginning unending, since generation and destruction/ have wandered quite far away, and genuine conviction has expelled them./ And remaining the same, in the same place, and on its own, it rests,/ [30] and thus steadfast right there it remains; for powerful Necessity/ holds it in the bonds of a limit, which encloses it all around,/ wherefore it is right that What Is be not unfulfilled; for it is not lacking: if it were, it would lack everything. |
» Finally, the goddess concludes by stating that What Is is perfect. She also argues for the nonexistence of nonbeing as for it to be would be to violate the perfection of What Is:
But since there is a furthest limit, it is perfected/ from every side, like the bulk of a well-rounded globe,/ from the middle equal every way: for that it be neither any greater/ [45] nor any smaller in this place or in that is necessary;/ for neither is there non-being, which would stop it reaching/ to its like, nor is What Is such that it might be more than What Is/ here and less there. Since it is all inviolate,/ for it is equal to itself from every side, it extends uniformly in limits. |
» To summarize Parmenides argument schematically:
The Way of Appearance/Opinion
> The goddess of Night makes clear that the vast majority of mortal men will not imbrace the Way of Truth that she has revealed to Parmenides.
> In the fragments of Parmenides writings he proceeds to elaborate on a complex cosmology, the motion of the celestrial spheres, the genesis of man, and so-forth, all of which must be assumed as an illusion.
Interpretation
> Interpreting Parmenides is difficult since his philosophy is so counter-intuitive. For many years he was seen as a material monist, that is, What is is material, finite, spherical, unchange, undifferentiated, and temporally infinite.
> Parmenides exceeds predicessors whose philosophies required that the senses be exceed. Parmenides requires that our senses be abandoned. In this respect he seems to be paving the way for Plato.
> There are other interpretation of Parmenides that attempt to rescue him from complete incoherence. These include:
· The Logical-Dialectical Interpretation
· The Meta-Principle Interpretation
· The Aspectual Interpretation Prevailing in Antiquity
· The Modal Interpretation